Photographer Basic Learning
This one is a learning about photo basic course. I post this one i collect from online photographer basic learning course. So I distribute to all.......
About my topic / Content
• Film & ISO
• Megapixel
• Aperture
• Shutter & Shutter Speed
• Exposure & F-stop
• Exposure Compensation & Histogram
• Shooting & Scene Modes
• Flash Modes
• Composition
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The Film
Medium which “records” the scene
• 2 Main Types
• Negative / Print Film
• Positive / Slide / Transparency Film
ISO / ASA signifies the sensitivity of a film to light
• Higher ( e.g. ISO 1600 ) very sensitive to light
• Lower ( e.g. ISO 100 ) not very sensitive to light
• Typical values are 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600
The Film
A higher ISO film produces grainy (coarse) photos
x This effect will surface when you enlarge your picture to >S8R sizes
- Handles low light conditions / high speed action better
- Half the amount of light needed to achieve correct exposure.
The higher the number the better?
A higher ISO film produces grainy (coarse) photos
x This effect will surface when you enlarge your picture to >S8R sizes
Handles low light conditions / high speed action better
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ISO in Digital Cameras
The ISO have the same meaning as film.
At high ISO, digital Images will have more noise instead of grain
What is noise?
Tip
•Try to set your digital camera to as low a ISO as possible when shooting in daylight
•Turn up your ISO when shoot ing at dimly lit conditions or presence of subject motion.
•When in doubt, set to auto ISO mode.
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What is Megapixel?
Pixel is short for “picture element”.
A Megapixel contains 1 000 000 colour dots, or pixels.
A 6 megapixel camera can capture a digital image
made up of 6 000 000 pixels.
Consists of 50% green, 25% blue and 25% red pixels
The More Megapixels The Better?
A 2 Megapixel image is able to print 4R ( 4” x 6” )prints at 300dpi.
A 8 Megapixel image is able to print S8R ( 8” x 12” ) prints at 300dpi.
Current cameras at 8 - 12 mega pixels, can print A3 to A2 size.
Would you need such big prints?
More Megapixels camera = A better camera
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Aperture
• Variable opening in a lens which allows light to
pass through
• Vary the amount of light passing through the lens to
achieve desired exposure.
• Affects the depth of field in the resulting image.
• ISO or shutter speed changes to keep the same
F-Numbers
eg. f2.0, f2.8, f4.0, f5.6, f8, f11, f16, f22.
A bigger number means a smaller aperture, eg. f16.
A smaller number means a larger aperture eg. f2.8.
Aperture and Depth of Field (DOF)
• Controlled by
• Aperture
• Subject Distance
•Focal Length
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Shutter
• Device which opens and closes to control the time that light is allowed to pass through the aperture to the film or image sensor.
• Duration of shutter opening is adjusted to change the exposure, ISO and aperture is unchanged.
• Affect the way moving subjects appear in the resulting image, ISO and aperture changes to keep the same
exposure.
High shutter speed freezes motion Slow shutter speed blurs motion.
Shutter Speed Values
1/60 or 60 = 0.0167 seconds
1/250 or 250 = 0.004 seconds
1” = 1 second
Bulb or B = Shutter is open for as long as shutter release is held down
Note
• Usually we can handhold at 1/30s
• Longer focal length requires a higher shut ter speed
• Night shots usually need shutter of from 1” to 20”
Shutter speed 26
Shutter speed - 10 s
Exposure and Light
How much light is 1 stop of light?
• 1 stop of light is relative figure.
• It is twice as much or half as much exposure as compared compared to the previous setting.
ISO 100, f4.0 1/250s is changed to ISO 100, f5.6, 1/250s
Exposure is reduced by 1 stop.
ISO 100, f4.0 1/250s is changed to ISO 100, f4.0, 1/125s
Exposure is increased by 1 stop.
ISO 100, f4.0 1/250s is changed to ISO 200, f5.6, 1/250s
Exposure remains the same.
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Exposure Compensation
- A means of adjusting exposure by setting amount in stops of light
eg. -0.3, -1.0, +1.0, +1.67.
- As exposure compensation is applied, camera will change the aperture or shutter speed to achieve the desired exposure.
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Histogram
There is no such thing as a good or bad histogram
• A histogram simply places the tonal values found in the scene
• The most appropriate mid tones fall roughly mid way between
the darkest and brightest value
Shooting & Scene modes
• Fully Automatic
• Program P
• Aperture Priority Av or A
• Shutter Priority Tv or S
• Manual M
Note : Shooting modes available depends on camera model.
Fully Automatic, Program and scene mode are the most commonly found on P&S.
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Shooting Modes
• Fully Automatic
- The camera decides all exposure settings, control by user not
possible.
• Program P
- The camera decides the aperture and shutter speed, user may adjust ISO.
Shooting Modes
• Aperture Priority Av or A
The user changes the aperture, the camera decides the shutter speed.
Can be used for landscapes and portraits, when DOF is important.
• Shutter Priority Tv or S
The user changes the shutter, the camera decides the aperture value.
Can be used for subjects in motion, when shutter speed is important.
• Manual M
The user changes both aperture and shutter speed.
Can be used for night scenes, studio setups and when flash is used
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Scene modes
• Portrait
- Wide aperture creates shallow DOF, which isolates subject from background.
- –Results in a fast shutter speed.
Landscape
- Small aperture [ Large DOF to keep everything in focus ] - Slow shutter speed - Tripod may be needed due to the long exposure time if shutter is too slow - Flash is disabled
*Notice the tree in the foreground and the mountain in the background is sharp
Night mode
- Slow shutter speed - Tripod needed due to the long exposure time
f8.0, 10s, ISO 100
Tip
• When u have a tripod or support, set to as low a ISO possible so that your image will be as noise free as possible
• The night scene mode can also be used to shoot fireworks.
•Macro
- Aperture is kept to a medium setting to ensure the DOF of the subject is deep enough but the background is blurred. - Flash is disabled by default
Sports
- Shutter speed is kept as high as possible to ensure capture of fast moving objects.
- Results in large aperture, small DOF
- Focusing is set to continuous mode
Tip
• The spots mode can be used in shooting any fast moving objects, not just sports only. • Recommended Shut ter speeds: Walking - above 1/125s Running - above 1/350s Cars - above 1/500s ______________________________________________________
Lenses for SLR Cameras
Prime Lens – Fixed focal length e.g. 35mm, 50mm, 85mm, 135mm Cannot zoom Zoom Lens – Lenses that cover a range of focal lengths e.g. 16-35mm, 70-200mm, 18-200mm Kit Lens – Lens that comes supplied with certain models of DSLRs and SLRs e.g. 18-55mm, 18-70mm
Wide Angle Lens
Range of focal lengths below 40mm.
The smaller the focal length, the wider the angle of view.
Standard (Normal) Lens
Range of focal lengths from 40mm to 55mm.
Gives a perspective and angle of view similar to the human eye.
Has a large maximum aperture as compared to other prime lens,
eg. f1.2, f1.4, f1.8.
Telephoto Lens
Range of focal lengths above 55mm.
The larger the focal length, the narrower the angle of view.
Optical vs Digital Zoom
• Most P&S digital cameras come with two types of zoom. • Optical zoom – changes the focal length of the lens by the moving of lens elements, allowing you to take photos up close. • Digital zoom – Merely a cropping of the image, therefore “extending” the reach of the lens – Decreases image quality by taking a small portion of the frame and extrapolating it up to the original size.
Tip
• It is more advisable to use optical zoom function and do the cropping post processing • Turn off the digital zoom feature in camera (if any) • When buying camera, look out for how much optical zoom it can offer, _____________________________________________________
Flash modes
When to use?
• When taking photos of scenery (day or night)
• When taking photos at concerts and performances when cameras are not allowed
• When taking pictures at museums where flash photography is prohibited
When to use?
• When taking pictures with human as the foreground and a bright scenery at
the background
*if you have used auto mode, the camera will be tricked and will not fire the flash as it “thinks” that the
background is too bright
• When taking pictures in parties, offices, class room with human subject
When to use?
When taking pictures of night scenery with human subject as the foreground.
*1. Since the camera will set to long shutter, it is recommended to place the camera on steady surface, eg tripod, f loor, dustbin
etc to prevent camera shake
2.Set to timer mode to prevent camera shake while pressing the shutter button
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Composition
• Aspect Ratio
• Rule of Thirds
• Horizon Placement
• Leading Lines
• Patterns
• Simplicity and Contrast
• Perspective
• Framing
• Silhouette
Aspect Ratio
Most of us print 4R size photos ( 4” x 6”) which have an aspect
ratio of 3 : 2.
P&S and Prosumer cameras usually have an aspect
ratio of 4 : 3.
The top and/or bottom of the picture will be cropped.
Tip
• Do not frame everything too t ightly, i.e. leave some head room when taking picture with human subjects
• Set the camera shooing mode to 3:2 resolution mode
Summary
• Aperture, Shutter Speed, ISO
- How they affect exposure and f-stops.
• Shooting Modes ( Auto, P, Av, Tv, scene modes )
- For controlling aperture and shutter speed values.
• Types of Lenses, Focal Length and Angle of View
• Flash Modes for Different Situations
• Guidelines for Composition of Photographs
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